Details on the CHIPS Act as It Moves to President for Signature

The Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act (CHIPS Act) was recently passed by Congress as part of the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022. President Biden is expected to sign it into law. Among other things, the $52 billion package provides generous tax incentives to increase domestic production of semiconductor chips. While the incentives themselves are very specific, the expansion of semiconductor production should benefit a wide range of industries.

It could reduce the risk of future supply chain issues for the many goods and devices that require semiconductor chips, from cell phones and vehicles to children’s toys. The law also is intended to address national security concerns tied to reliance on foreign production of semiconductors.

The impetus

Although the United States developed and pioneered chip technology, many legislators have determined that the country has become too reliant on foreign producers. According to the government, American companies still account for almost half of all revenues in the global semiconductor industry, despite a sharp decline in U.S. global chip production from 37% in 1990 to only 12% today. Seventy-five percent of semiconductor production occurs in East Asia. This situation poses a national and economic security threat, according to Congress.

Government subsidies are responsible for up to 70% of the cost difference in producing semiconductors overseas, giving foreign producers a 25% to 40% cost advantage over U.S. producers. The grants in the CHIPS Act, combined with a new tax credit, are intended to fully make up for this cost differential and thereby incentivize the “re-shoring” of semiconductor production.

The new tax credit

The CHIPS Act creates a temporary “advanced manufacturing investment credit” for investments in semiconductor manufacturing property, to be codified in Section 48D of the Internal Revenue Code. The Sec. 48D credit amounts to 25% of qualified investment related to an advanced manufacturing facility — that is, a facility with the primary purpose of manufacturing semiconductors or semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Qualified property is tangible property that:

• Qualifies for depreciation or amortization,
• Is constructed, reconstructed, or erected by the taxpayer or acquired by the taxpayer if the original use of the property begins with the taxpayer, and
• Is integral to the operation of the advanced manufacturing facility.

It also can include a building, a portion of a building (other than a portion used for functions unrelated to manufacturing, such as administrative services) and certain structural components of a building.

The credit is available for qualified property placed in service after December 31, 2022, if construction begins before January 1, 2027. If construction began before the CHIPS Act was enacted, though, only the portion of the basis attributable to construction begun after enactment is eligible.

Taxpayers generally are eligible for the credit except for those who have been deemed a “foreign entity of concern.”

The CHIPS Act additionally excludes taxpayers that have made an “applicable transaction” (for example, the early disposition of investment credit property under Sec. 50(a)). Applicable transactions also include any “material expansion” of the taxpayer’s semiconductor manufacturing capacity in China or other designated “foreign countries of concern.” The law provides for recapture of the credit if a taxpayer enters such a transaction within 10 years of claiming the credit.

Notably, eligible taxpayers can claim the credit as a payment against tax — what’s known as “direct pay.” In other words, taxpayers can receive a tax refund if they don’t have sufficient tax liability to use the credit. Without this option, eligible taxpayers could struggle to monetize their credits.

Additional provisions

The CHIPS Act also provides:

• $39 billion in subsidies to build, expand or modernize domestic facilities and equipment for semiconductor fabrication, assembly, testing, advanced packaging or research, and development,
• $200 million for workforce development and training, and
• $1.5 billion to spur wireless supply chain innovation.

It includes almost $170 billion for governmental research and development.

Stay tuned

If your business might qualify for the new tax credit, keep an eye out for additional IRS guidance on exactly how it will work, including the direct pay provision. Our dedicated tax specialists can help you make the most of this and other tax credits.